Nishatunnisa Begum (1885-1937), also widely known as Begum Hasrat Mohani, was a formidable figure in the Indian independence movement, celebrated for her pioneering work as both a political activist and a journalist. She holds the distinct honour of being the first Muslim woman to become a member of the All India Congress Committee and the first Muslim woman to serve as the editor of an Urdu newspaper. Her life was a testament to her courage, as she consistently challenged the societal and political constraints of her time.
Born in the city of Lucknow into a family that valued learning, Nishatunnisa received a comprehensive education at home, becoming proficient in Urdu, Arabic, Persian, and English. Her life took a decisive turn in 1901 when she married Maulana Hasrat Mohani, a prominent nationalist leader. This union immersed her in the heart of India’s freedom struggle. The couple aligned themselves with Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s “extremist” faction of the Indian National Congress, which advocated for complete independence from British rule, a stance Nishatunnisa fiercely supported throughout her life.
Together, they founded the Urdu newspaper Urdu-e-Mualla in 1903. Nishatunnisa took on the role of editor, using the publication as a platform for nationalist ideas, which inevitably drew the ire of the British authorities and led to her husband’s imprisonment. Far from being merely a supportive spouse, she was an active and independent participant in the movement. In a bold and symbolic act of defiance against conservative norms, she discarded the purdah (veil) during her public engagements, demonstrating her commitment to both national freedom and women’s empowerment.
Her activism was multifaceted. She was a key participant in the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements. To promote the Swadeshi movement’s goal of self-reliance, she opened one of the first Khadi shops, using its profits to financially support Mahatma Gandhi’s publications. She was a powerful voice at political gatherings, notably demanding the release of political prisoners at the 1917 All India Women’s Conference. Even when her husband was incarcerated, she continued to attend Congress sessions, write articles, and deliver speeches, showcasing her unwavering dedication to the cause.
Although her husband’s prominence often overshadowed her own contributions, her influence was acknowledged by key leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi. Nishatunnisa Begum’s legacy is that of a trailblazing Muslim woman who broke barriers in politics and journalism. She remains an inspiring figure whose courage and determination paved the way for future generations of women in India.